{"id":642,"date":"2014-09-02T10:58:39","date_gmt":"2014-09-02T10:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/?p=642"},"modified":"2021-04-22T21:48:32","modified_gmt":"2021-04-22T21:48:32","slug":"data-flow-diagram-dfd-example","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/data-flow-diagram-dfd-example\/","title":{"rendered":"A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Example"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following example is intended to illustrate the development of a data flow diagram by selectively looking at each of the components explored earlier in this chapter. This example, called &#8220;World\u2019s Trend Catalog Division,&#8221; will also be used to illustrate concepts covered in Chapters 8 and 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Developing the List of Business Activities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A list of business activities for World\u2019s Trend can be found in the illustration below. You could develop this list using information obtained through interacting with people in interviews, through investigation, and through observation. The list can be used to identify external entities such as CUSTOMER, ACCOUNTING, and WAREHOUSE as well as data flows such as ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE REPORT and CUSTOMER BILLING STATEMENT. Later (when developing level 0 and child diagrams), the list can be used to define processes, data flows, and data stores.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>\r\r\n\r\r\ntable#t29 {\r\r\n    border-collapse: collapse;\r\r\n\tborder-width: 0px;\r\r\n\tborder-style: outset;\r\r\n    margin: 20px 0;\r\r\n\tline-height: 2.0em;\r\r\n    text-align: left;\r\r\n    vertical-align: top;width: 100%;border-top: 1px solid #94DBFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #94DBFF;box-shadow: 0 2px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\r\r\n\t\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 thead tr {\r\r\n\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 thead tr th.t29 {\r\r\n    color: #333333;\r\r\n\tbackground: none repeat scroll 0 0 #D1F0FF;\r\r\n    font-size: 1em;\r\r\n    letter-spacing: 0;\r\r\n    line-height: 1.3;\r\r\n\tfont-size: 1.2em;\r\r\n    padding: 4px;\r\r\n    text-transform: none;\r\r\n    text-align: left;border-bottom: 1px solid #94DBFF;\r\r\n}\r\r\n\r\r\ntable#t29 thead tr th#t29.start {\r\r\n\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 thead tr th#t29.end {\r\r\n\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 tbody tr {\r\r\n    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #F0FAFF;\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 tbody tr.table-alternate {\r\r\n    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #FCFEFF;\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 tbody tr td {\r\r\n    padding: 5px;\r\r\n\tborder-width: 0px;\r\r\n\tfont-size: 1.0em;\r\r\n\tborder-top: medium none;border-bottom: 1px solid #94DBFF;\r\r\n    text-align: left;\r\r\n\tline-height: 1.2;\r\r\n\tvertical-align: top;\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 tbody tr td#n1 {\r\r\n\twidth: 100%;\r\r\n\t}\r\r\ntable#t29 tbody tr:hover td {\r\r\n}\r\r\ntable#t29 tfoot tr {\r\r\n}\r\r\n\r\r\ntable#t29 tfoot tr td {\r\r\n    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #D1F0FF;\t\r\r\n\tpadding: 4px;\r\r\n\tborder-width: 0px;\r\r\n\tfont-size: 1.0em;\r\r\n\tborder-top: medium none;\r\r\n    text-align: left;\r\r\n}\r\r\n<\/style><table id=\"t29\">\r\r\n\t\t<thead>\r\r\n\t\t\t<tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"t29\" id=\"n1\">World\u2019s Trend<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\r\n\t<tbody><tr class=\"table-alternate row1\"> <td id=\"n1\" class=\"start\"><p><strong>World\u2019s Trend - 1000 International Lane Cornwall, CT 06050<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>World\u2019s Trend is a mail order supplier of high-quality, fashionable clothing. Customers place \r\norders by telephone, by mailing an order form included with each catalog, or via the \r\nWeb site.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Summary of Business Activities<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>When customer orders come in, the item master and the customer master files are both \r\nupdated. If an item is out of stock, the inventory control department is notified.<\/li>\r\n<li>If the order is from a new customer, a new record is created in the customer master file.<\/li>\r\n<li>Picking slips are produced for the customer order and sent to the warehouse.<\/li>\r\n<li>A shipping statement is prepared.<\/li>\r\n<li>The process of shipping a customer order involves getting the goods from the warehouse \r\nand matching up the customer shipping statement, getting the correct customer address, and shipping it all to the customer.<\/li>\r\n<li>The customer statement is generated and a billing statement is sent to a customer once \r\na month.<\/li>\r\n<li>An accounts receivable report is sent to the accounting department.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creating a Context-level Data Flow Diagram<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once this list of activities is developed, create a context-level data flow diagram as shown in Figure 1. This diagram shows the ORDER PROCESSING SYSTEM in the middle (no processes are described in detail in the context-level diagram) and five external entities (the two separate entities both called CUSTOMER are really one and the same). The data flows that come from and go to the external entities are shown as well (for example, CUSTOMER ORDER and ORDER PICKING LIST).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.16.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[642]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.16-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.16-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.16.jpg 963w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 1 &#8211; A context-level data flow diagram for the order processing system at World&#8217;s Trend.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drawing Diagram 0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Next, go back to the activity list and make a new list of as many processes and data stores as you can find.You can add more later, but start making the list now. If you think you have enough information, draw a level 0 diagram such as the one found in Figure 2. Call this Diagram 0 and keep the processes general so as not to overcomplicate the diagram. Later, you can add detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.17.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[642]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.17-248x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.17-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.17.jpg 746w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 2 &#8211; Diagram 0, of the order processing system for World&#8217;s Trend Catalog Division.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you are finished drawing the seven processes, draw data flows between them and to the external entities (the same external entities shown in the context-level diagram). If you think there need to be data stores such as ITEM MASTER or CUSTOMER MASTER, draw those in and connect them to processes using data flows. Now take the time to number the processes and data stores. Pay particular attention to making the labels meaningful. Check for errors and correct them before moving on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creating a Child Diagram<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this point try to draw a child diagram (sometimes also called a level 1 diagram) such as the one in Figure 3. Child diagram processes are more detailed, illustrating the logic required to produce the output. Number your child diagrams Diagram 1, Diagram 2, and so on, in accordance with the number you assigned to each process in the level 0 diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.18.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[642]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.18-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.18-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.18.jpg 845w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 3 &#8211; Diagram 1, of the order processing system for World&#8217;s Trend Catalog Division.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you draw a child diagram, make a list of subprocesses first. A process such as ADD CUSTOMER ORDER can have subprocesses (in this case, there are seven). Connect these subprocesses to one another and also to data stores when appropriate. Subprocesses do not have to be connected to external entities, because we can always refer to the parent (or level 0) data flow diagram to identify these entities. Label the subprocesses 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and so on. Take the time to check for errors and make sure the labels make sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you want to go beyond the logical model and draw a physical model as well, look at Figure 4, which is an example of a physical data flow child diagram of process 3, PRODUCE PICKING SLIPS. Physical DFDs give you the opportunity to identify processes for scanning bar codes, displaying screens, locating records, and creating and updating files. The sequence of activities is important in physical DFDs, because the emphasis is on how the system will work and in what order events happen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.19.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[642]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.19-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.19-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.19.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 4 &#8211; A physical data flow child diagram for World&#8217;s Trend Catalog Division.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you label a physical model, take care to describe the process in great detail. For example, subprocess 3.3 in a logical model could simply be SORT ORDER ITEM, but in the physical model, a better label is SORT ORDER ITEM BYLOCATION WITHIN CUSTOMER. When you write a label for a data store, refer to the actual file or database, such as CUSTOMER MASTER FILE or SORTED ORDER ITEM FILE. When you describe data flows, describe the actual form, report, or screen. For example, when you print a slip for order picking, call the data flow ORDER PICKING SLIP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Partitioning the Physical DFD<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, take the physical data flow diagram and suggest partitioning through combining or separating the processes. As stated earlier, there are many reasons for partitioning: identifying distinct processes for different user groups, separating processes that need to be performed at different times, grouping similar tasks, grouping processes for efficiency, combining processes for consistency, or separating them for security. Figure 5 shows that partitioning is useful in the case of World\u2019s Trend Catalog Division. You would first group processes 1 and 2 because it would make sense to add new customers at the same time their first order was placed. You would then put processes 3 and 4 in two separate partitions because these must be done at different times from each other and thus cannot be grouped into a single program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.20.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[642]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"290\" src=\"http:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.20-300x290.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.20-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.w3computing.com\/systemsanalysis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/7.20.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 5 &#8211; Partitioning the data flow diagram (showing part of Diagram 0).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The process of developing a data flow diagram is now completed from the top down, first drawing a companion physical data flow diagram to accompany the logical data flow diagram, then partitioning the data flow diagram by grouping or separating the processes. The World\u2019s Trend example is used again in Chapters 8 and 9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The following example is intended to illustrate the development of a data flow diagram by selectively looking at each of the components explored earlier in this chapter. This example, called &#8220;World\u2019s Trend Catalog Division,&#8221; will also be used to illustrate concepts covered in Chapters 8 and 9. Developing the List of Business Activities A list [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-using-data-flow-diagrams","entry","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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